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| Environmentalism |
| 08.27.07 (12:24 am) [edit] |
| Environmentalism Environmentalism is a apprehension for the preservation, restoration, or development of the natural environment, such as the conservation of natural resources, prevention of pollution, and certain land use actions. The study of practical environmentalism is split into two positions I. The mainstream ‘anthropocentric’ or hierarchic, II. The more radical ‘ecocentric’ or egalitarian. The term environmentalism is associated with other modern terms such as greening, environmental management, resource efficiency and waste minimization, and environmental responsibility, ethics and justice. History Environmentalism has its pedigree in the mid to late 19th Century United States with persons such as John Muir and Henry David Thoreau. Thoreau was interested in peoples' relationship with nature and studied this by livelihood close to nature in a simple life. He in print his experiences in the book Walden, which argues that people should turn into intimately close with nature. Muir came to accept as true in nature's innate right, especially after spending time hiking in Yosemite Valley and studying both the ecology and geology. He fruitfully lobbied congress to form Yosemite National Park and went on to set up the Sierra Club. The environmentalist philosophies as well as the belief in an inherent right of nature were to become the bedrock of modern environmentalism. In the 20th century environmental ideas continued to grow in popularity and recognition. Efforts were starting to be made to save some wildlife, particularly the American Bison. The death of the last Passenger Pigeon as well as the endangerment of the American Bison helped to focus the minds of conservationists and popularize their concerns. In 1979 former NASA scientist James Lovelock published Gaia: A new look at life on Earth, which put forth the Gaia Hypothesis, that life on Earth can be unstated as a single mortal. This became an vital part of the Deep Green ideology. The whole time the rest of the history of environmentalism there has been debate and row between more radical followers of this deep immature ideology and mainstream faction. Environmentalism has also changed to deal with new issues such as global warming and genetic engineering. Popular environmentalism Environmentalist action has freshly led to the development of a new subculture. It is mainly composed of the knowledgeable upper-class. These environmentally alert types take special pride in their sustainable consumption patterns, shopping at grocery stores that boast earth-friendliness with buying top-dollar organic products. Some environmentalists grumble that this group of elites are shopping under the banner of environmentalism without espouse any of its true ideals. Because organic and sustainable products are often more cheap, purchasing them has become a mark of wealth. In another form of pretension, the young and single have gone so far as to even begin labeling themselves 'ecosexual'. Closely akin to the concept of the suave metrosexual, the ecosexual seeks out mates who share their environmentalist ideals. Thus, ecology is not just about nature anymore-- it's about social acquaintances. |
| Tamil language |
| 08.24.07 (1:21 am) [edit] |
| Tamil language Tamil is a Dravidian language spoken predominantly by Tamils in India and Sri Lanka, with smaller communities of speakers in many other countries. It is the official language of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, and also has official status in Sri Lanka and Singapore. With more than 77 million speakers, Tamil is one of the more widely spoken languages in the world. Tamil has a literary tradition of more than two thousand years. The earliest epigraphic records found date to around 300 BCE and the Tolkappiyam, oldest known literary work in Tamil, has been dated variously between 300 BCE and 500 CE. Tamil was declared a classical language of India by the Government of India in 2004 and was the first Indian language to have been accorded the status. Tamil employs agglutinative grammar, where suffixes are used to mark noun class, number, and case, verb tense and other grammatical categories. Unlike other Dravidian languages, the metalanguage of Tamil, the language used to describe the technical linguistic terms of the language and its structure, is also Tamil. According to a 2001 survey, there were 1,863 newspapers published in Tamil, of which 353 were dailies. History Tamil is one of the ancient languages of the world with a history of over 3000 years and literary work dating to over 2000 years ago. The origins of Tamil are not transparent, but it developed and flourished in India as an independent language with a rich literature. More than 55% of epigraphical inscriptions in India were found in Tamil language Unlike in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh where early inscriptions were written in Sanskrit, the early inscriptions in Tamil Nadu used Tamil exclusively. Tamil has the oldest extant literature amongst the Dravidian languages, but dating the language and the literature precisely is difficult. Literary works in India were preserved either in palm leaf manuscripts or through oral transmission, making direct dating impossible. External chronological records and internal linguistic evidence, however, indicate that the oldest extant works were probably compiled sometime between the 2nd century BCE and the 10th century CE. |
| Tomato |
| 08.16.07 (11:12 pm) [edit] |
| Tomato Tomato plant in the Solanaceae or nightshade family, as are its close cousins tobacco, chili peppers, potato, and eggplant, which is native to Central, South, and southern North America from Mexico to Peru. It is a perennial plant, often grown outdoors in temperate climates as an annual plant, typically reaching to 1–3 m (3 to 10 feet) in tallness, with a weak, woody stem that often vines over other plants. The leaves are 10–25 cm long, pinnate, with 5–9 leaflets, each leaflet up to 8 cm long, with a serrated margin; both the stem and leaves are densely glandular-hairy. The flowers are 1–2 cm across, yellow, with five pointed lobes on the corolla; they are borne in a cyme of 3–12 together. The utterance tomato derives from a word in the Nahuatl language, tomato. The specific name, lycopersicum, means "wolf-peach" According to Andrew F Smith's The Tomato in America, the tomato probably originated in the highlands of the west coast of South America. Smith notes there is no evidence the tomato was cultivated or even eaten before the Spanish arrived. Other researchers, however, have pointed out that this is not conclusive, as many other fruits in continuous cultivation in Peru are not present in the very limited historical record. Much horticultural knowledge was lost after the arrival of Europeans. There is a competing theory that says the tomato, like the word "tomato", originated in Mexico, where one of the two apparently oldest "wild" types grows. It is entirely possible that domestication even arose in both regions independently. In any case, by some means the tomato migrated to Central America. Maya and other peoples in the region used the fruit in their cooking, and it was being cultivated in southern Mexico and probably other areas, by the 16th century. It is thought that the Pueblo people believed those who witnessed the ingestion of tomato seeds were blessed with powers of forecast. The large, lumpy tomato, a mutation from a smoother, smaller fruit, originated and was encouraged in Central America. Smith states this variant is the direct ancestor of some modern cultivated tomatoes. Two modern tomato cultivar groups, one represented by the Matt's Wild Cherry tomato, the other by currant tomatoes, and both originate by recent domestication of the wild tomato plants apparently resident to eastern Mexico. |
| Capacitors as memory |
| 08.13.07 (1:03 am) [edit] |
| Capacitors as memory Capacitors can be charged, and when they are charged they can be discharged. When charged they act like a source of voltage but only for a limited time unless they are "refreshed”. If charged they can be "refreshed" by charging them again and again to keep their voltage above a specified minimum. This procedure can be quite automatic at regular intervals and applies only to capacitors that already have a voltage that is above that set minimum. ”Writing" into a capacitor-memory means either charging that capacitor or discharging it as required. We say that a memory is "a zero" if its voltage is below a specified value, and it is "a one" if above. Putting a 1 into the memory means charging the capacitor, while putting a 0 into the memory means discharging the capacitor. ”Reading" a capacitor-memory is equivalent to putting a voltmeter across its terminals to see whether its voltage is or is not above a given minimum. Memorandum: Modern memories us |
| C++ |
| 08.06.07 (11:45 pm) [edit] |
| C++ There are a number of good reasons to document your code, and a number of aspects of it that can be documented. Documentation provides you with a shortcut for obtaining an overview of the system or for understanding the code that provides a fastidious feature. Why? The idea of comments is to clarify and clarify the source code to anyone examining it. Good comment conventions are important to any non-trivial agenda so that a person reading the code can understand what it is expected to do and to make it easy to follow on the rest of the code 1) Certification of programming is essential when programming not just in C++, but in any programming language. Many companies have moved away from the idea of "hero programmers" to a concept of groups of programmers working in a team. Many times programmers will only be working on small parts of a larger project. Even if you are not programming for a living or for a company, documentation of your code is still essential. Though many programs can be completed in a few hours, more complex programs can take longer time to complete (days, weeks, etc.). In this case, documentation is essential because: I. You may not be able to work on your project in one sitting; II. It provides a reference to what was changed the last time you programmed; III. It allows you to record why you made the decisions you did, including why you chose not to explore certain solutions; IV. It can provide a place to document known limitations and bugs; V. It allows easy searching and referencing within the program; |